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In an organization communication occurs between members of different hierarchical positions. Superior-subordinate communication refers to the interactions between organizational leaders and their subordinates and how they work together to achieve personal and organizational goals〔 Satisfactory upward and downward communication is essential for a successful organization because it closes the gap between superior and subordinates by increasing the levels of trust, support, and the frequency of their interactions. ==Downward Communication== In a workplace environment, orders being given from superiors to subordinates is the most basic form of downward communication. These are usually done via manuals and handbooks, oral communication, and/or written orders. Two other forms of downward communication are when a customer gives orders to a supplier and when shareholders instruct management to do certain things. In a study conducted by John Anderson and Dale Level, the following were cited to be benefits of effective downward communication: * Better coordination * Improved individual performance through the development of intelligent participation * Improved morale * Improved consumer relations * Improved industrial relations. In order for downward communication to be effective, the superior should remain respectful and concise when giving orders, they should make sure the subordinate clearly understands instructions, and they should give recognition for admirable performance. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Superior-subordinate communication」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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